IEEE Intelligent Systems serves users, managers, developers, researchers, and purchasers who are interested in intelligent systems and artificial intelligence, with particular emphasis on applications. Typically they are degreed professionals, with backgrounds in engineering, hard science, or business. The publication emphasizes current practice and experience, together with promising new ideas that are likely to be used in the near future. Sample topic areas for feature articles include knowledge-based systems, intelligent software agents, natural-language processing, technologies for knowledge management, machine learning, data mining, adaptive and intelligent robotics, knowledge-intensive processing on the Web, and social issues relevant to intelligent systems. Also encouraged are application features, covering practice at one or more companies or laboratories; full-length product stories (which require refereeing by at least three reviewers); tutorials; surveys; and case studies. Often issues are theme-based and collect articles around a contemporary topic under the auspices of a Guest Editor working with the EIC.
Pathogen genome sequencing projects have provided a wealth of data that need to be set in context to pathogenicity and the outcome of infections. In addition, the interplay between a pathogen and its host cell has become increasingly important to understand and interfere with diseases caused by microbial pathogens. IJMM meets these needs by focussing on genome and proteome analyses, studies dealing with the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and the evolution of pathogenic agents, the interactions between pathogens and host cells ("cellular microbiology"), and molecular epidemiology. To help the reader keeping up with the rapidly evolving new findings in the field of medical microbiology, IJMM publishes original articles, case studies and topical, state-of-the-art mini-reviews in a well balanced fashion. All articles are strictly peer-reviewed. Important topics are reinforced by 2 special issues per year dedicated to a particular theme. Finally, at irregular intervals, current opinions on recent or future developments in medical microbiology are presented in an editorial section.
The International Studies Review (ISR) provides a window on current trends and research in international studies worldwide. Published four times a year, ISR is intended to help: (a) scholars engage in the kind of dialogue and debate that will shape the field of international studies in the future, (b) graduate and undergraduate students understand major issues in international studies and identify promising opportunities for research, and (c) educators keep up with new ideas and research. To achieve these objectives, ISR includes analytical essays, reviews of new books, and a forum in each issue. Essays integrate scholarship, clarify debates, provide new perspectives on research, identify new directions for the field, and present insights into scholarship in various parts of the world. Book reviews focus on books published within the past year that contribute conceptually and empirically to international studies. The books reviewed are from across the globe. The Forum provides an outlet for debates over concepts, theories, methods, and the state of current research as well as reactions to pieces published in ISR.
Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care is an open access peer reviewed journal presenting clinical and experimental research on cutting edge topics in anesthesia, pain medicine and analgesia, critical care medicine, perioperative and emergency medicine.
Coverage includes, but is not limited to, original studies, review articles, brief reports, case series and commentaries as well as clinical protocols of international relevance. Articles on the following topics are welcome:
Special attention is given to emerging trends and highly debated topics in anesthesia, analgesia and critical care through the publication of thematic issues authored by well-known experts.
Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care is an official publication of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care. With the aim of advancing knowledge and sharing it with the wider community, the Society will provide funding to cover publication costs for a specific number of high quality articles making a meaningful impact on the literature and demonstrating relevance on clinical practice and advance of future research.
Molecular Reproduction and Development takes an integrated, systems-biology approach to understand the dynamic continuum of cellular, reproductive, and developmental processes. This journal fosters dialogue among diverse disciplines through primary research communications and educational forums, with the philosophy that fundamental findings within the life sciences result from a convergence of disciplines. Increasingly, readers of the Journal need to be informed of diverse, yet integrated, topics impinging on their areas of interest. This requires an expansion in thinking towards non-traditional, interdisciplinary experimental design and data analysis. For example, biologists need to know how nanodevices might be used, while bioengineers need to know how post-translational protein modifications affect developmental mechanisms. The Journal will provide a means for readers to integrate divergent scientific disciplines into their current and future research. Readers will turn to Molecular Reproduction and Development not only to learn the latest in research progress, but to become educated in frontier topics of the field of reproductive and developmental biology; students in particular will turn to the Journal to learn about current progress in the diversifying approaches that will become the foundation for the next generation of research.
Understanding the Earth's history and its future evolution is becoming ever more important as the human influence on climate and landscapes, the oceans and the atmosphere expands.Nature Geoscience is a monthly multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together top-quality research across the entire spectrum of the Earth Sciences along with relevant work in related areas.The journal's content reflects all the disciplines within the geosciences, encompassing field work, modelling and theoretical studies.Topics covered in the journal include: * Atmospheric science * Biogeochemistry * Climate science * Geobiology * Geochemistry * Geoinformatics and remote sensing * Geology * Geomagnetism and palaeomagnetism * Geomorphology * Geophysics * Glaciology * Hydrology and limnology * Mineralogy and mineral physics * Oceanography * Palaeontology * Palaeoclimatology and palaeoceanography * Petrology * Planetary science * Seismology * Space physics * Tectonics * Volcanology Nature Geoscience is committed to publishing significant, high-quality research in the Earth Sciences through a fair, rapid and rigorous peer review process that is overseen by a team of full-time professional editors.In addition to publishing primary research, Nature Geoscience provides an overview of the most important developments in the Earth Sciences through the publication of Review Articles, News and Views, Research Highlights, Commentaries and reviews of relevant books and arts events.
Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals. Finally, Case Studies enable authors to present novel and interesting cases and discuss the most useful features to bear in mind for treating future cases.Subjects covered * Acid-base, fluid and electrolyte disorders * Acute renal failure * Assessment of kidney function * Calcium magnesium and renal calculi * Diabetic nephropathy * Dialysis (including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, continuous renal replacement) * Genetics of renal disease * Glomerular diseases (including glomerulonephritis, FSGS, cryoglobulinemia) * Health economics * Hypertension * Imaging and radiology * Interstitial nephritis * Oncology * Other * Pathology * Pediatric nephrology * Progression of renal disease * Renal pharmacology * Risk factors and epidemiology * Transplant * Tropical nephrology * Vasculitis.
Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals. Finally, Case Studies enable authors to present novel and interesting cases and discuss the most useful features to bear in mind for treating future cases.Subjects covered * Andrology and endocrinology * Benign prostatic hyperplasia * Biostatistics and clinical trials * Endourology and stones * Female urology * Imaging and radiology * Infections, inflammation and prostatitis * Male factor infertility * Pathology * Pediatric urology * Prostate cancer * Renal-cell cancer * Risk factors and epidemiology * Sexual dysfunction * Trauma and reconstruction * Upper urinary tract dysfunction, renal failure and transplantation * Urinary incontinence, urodynamics and lower urinary tract dysfunction * Urologic oncology (including nonprostatic cancer).
It is the aim of this journal to meet two main objectives: to cover the latest research on discrete random structures, and to present applications of such research to problems in combinatorics and computer science. The goal is to provide a natural home for a significant body of current research, and a useful forum for ideas on future studies in randomness. Results concerning random graphs, hypergraphs, matroids, trees, mappings, permutations, matrices, sets and orders, as well as stochastic graph processes and networks are presented with particular emphasis on the use of probabilistic methods in combinatorics as developed by Paul Erdos. The journal focuses on probabilistic algorithms, average case analysis of deterministic algorithms, and applications of probabilistic methods to cryptography, data structures, searching and sorting. The journal also devotes space to such areas of probability theory as percolation, random walks and combinatorial aspects of probability. Manuscripts should be submitted via email to the Managing Editor, Malgorzata Bednarska at random@amu.edu.pl . Information for contributors appears in the journal as space allows, and is available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=journal&issn=1042-9832/authors.html.
Risk analysis is the science of evaluating health, environmental, and engineering risks resulting from past, current, or anticipated, future activities. The use of these evaluations include providing information for determining regulatory actions to limit risk, presenting scientific evidence in legal settings, evaluating products and potential liabilities--within private organizations, resolving World Trade disputes amongst nations, and for educating the public concerning particular risk issues. Risk analysis is an interdisciplinary science that relies on epidemiology and laboratory studies, collection of exposure and other field data, computer modeling, and related social and economic and communication considerations. In addition, social dimensions of risk are addressed by social scientists. Methods of risk analysis and the outcome of particular evaluations are regularly presented in scholarly papers that are published in Risk Analysis: An International Journal and topics are as diverse as quality of drinking water, air and land contamination, the safety of foods and drugs, automobile and infrastructure safety, and risk associated with weapons of mass destruction.
Surgical Innovation focuses on the revolution that minimally invasive surgical techniques, new instruments such as laparoscopes and endoscopes, and new technologies have brought to the art, science, and business of surgery. This innovative publication prepares both new and experienced surgeons to think and work in "the operating room of the future," while helping them to face the challenges of learning new techniques, understanding and adapting to new technologies, maintaining surgical competencies, and applying surgical outcomes data to their practices.Each issue of Surgical Innovation offers unique original articles from the vanguard of clinical practice, noteworthy basic and applied research from the basic sciences, state-of-the-art surgical education, and useful insights into the business of surgical practice. Written by leading international medical and surgical practitioners from specialties such as general surgery, gynecology, urology, cardiothoracic surgery, vascular surgery, head and neck surgery, neurosurgery, otolaryngology, orthopedics, and pediatric surgery, the perceptive and incisive articles highlight those practices and technologies that will change your practice today and revolutionize surgery for decades to come.
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The idea to publish a scientific journal of three Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia) on the issues related to roads and bridges, which was born at the beginning of 2005, was implemented at last. In the first volume of the journal Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian scientists investigate topical issues of road and bridge construction, repair, maintenance and traffic safety. The journal is the first one in the Baltic countries dealing with the issues mentioned above. We believe that in the future scientists from other foreign countries will become authors of research articles, and the topics of articles will range widely. The periodicity of the journal (4 volumes per year), requires an expeditious and responsible work of the authors, editors and all members of the Editorial Board. On behalf of the Editorial Board I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Lithuanian and Estonian Road Administrations, the state company “Latvian State Roads“, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Riga Technical University and Tallinn University of Technology as well as the Baltic Road Association for supporting and financing the publication of the journal. I believe that this journal will disseminate the latest scientific findings, theoretical and experimental research on roads and bridges and will be extremely useful for young scientists. I hereby invite You to become active authors, readers and subscribers of the new journal.
The mission of the Academy of Management Annals is to provide periodic, comprehensive examinations of recent advances in multiple management fields. Each yearly volume features critical reviews of the research, written by leading management scholars. Through these systematic analyses, the Annals summarize previously established studies and concepts, pinpoint potential problems (such as factual errors), and inspire new discussions and directions for further research activity.Suggestions for topics and authors are welcomed. They should be sent to the Senior Editor: Royston Greenwood at royston.greenwood@ualberta.ca .The Academy of Management is proud to announce the fifth volume of The Academy of Management Annals . This exciting series follows one guiding principle: the advancement of knowledge is possible only by conducting a thorough examination of what is known and unknown in a given field. Such assessments can be accomplished through comprehensive, critical reviews of the literature—crafted by informed scholars who determine both when a line of inquiry has gone astray, and how to steer the research back onto the proper path.The Academy of Management Annals provide just such essential reviews. Written by leading management scholars, the reviews are invaluable for ensuring the timeliness of advanced courses, for designing new investigative approaches, and for identifying faulty methodological or conceptual assumptions. The Academy of Management Annals strive each year to synthesize a vast array of primary research, recognizing past principal contributions while illuminating potential future avenues of inquiry.Academic scholars in management and allied fields (e.g., sociology of organizations and organizational psychology) will see The Academy of Management Annals as a valuable resource to turn to for comprehensive, up-to-date information—published in a single volume every year by the preeminent association for management research.Volume 5 of The Academy of Management Annals continues to review research literature across a variety of areas incorporating: technological innovation; negotiation and gender inequality; staffing practices; person-environment fit; turnover and retention research; organizational competition and cooperation; work-family initiatives; power and status in social hierarchies; behavioural decision research; systematic research synthesis in management; entrepreneurship and ethical decision making.'It’s an exceptional volume—and exceptionally timely to boot. I found myself trying to put this new Annals in perspective. I tried, in particular, to cast a rather hard and critical light on this volume: Just how essential is it for the time-starved and besieged scholar to have yet another thing to keep up with? Do we really need, in short, yet another annual volume? The answer I gave myself to this question was a resounding, ‘‘Yes!’’'Review in International Public Management Journal (2008)DisclaimerTaylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in its publications. However, Taylor & Francis and its agents and licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any purpose of the Content and disclaim all such representations and warranties whether express or implied to the maximum extent permitted by law. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and are not the views of Taylor & Francis.
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Journal of Plant Interactions aims to represent a common platform for those scientists interested in publishing and reading research articles in the field of plant interactions and will cover most plant interactions with the surrounding environment. Journal of Plant Interactions covers the subject areas of:Plant-Plant InteractionThis area deals with interaction between plants, considering all biochemical, physiological and molecular aspects.Plant-Microorganism InteractionThis area is surely one of the widest and covers three fundamental sub-areas: Plant-Fungi; Plant-Bacteria and Plant-Virus Interactions. Responses to and interactions of plants with micro-organisms are the basics for understanding community dynamics and crop productivity, as well as the key to discovering new resistance genes for pest and disease attacks.Plant-Insect InteractionThe presence of plants after millions of years of herbivore predation is the demonstration that plants have the ability to deter herbivore feeding, but the presence of herbivore after ages of plant toxin biosynthesis is the living evidence that insect herbivores are able to counteract plant poisons. This area deals with all aspects of interaction: from pest attack to plant attraction; from tritrophic interaction to biological control.Plant-Animal InteractionBesides insects, monogastric and polygastric herbivores interact with plants with grazing activity. This area is intended for all studies concerning the effect of grazing on plant population and dynamics.Plant-Environment InteractionThis area is divided into two general sections: 'pen environment'and 'losed environment' The first section covers all aspects of plants'interaction with abiotic stresses present in the natural environments (including atmospheric phenomena, light, temperature, pollution, etc.). The aim of the second section is to collect research reports on artificial environments where plants live (including greenhouses, growth chambers, etc.) both on Earth and in space applications. Remote sensing and biosensing will also be covered under this area.Plant-Soil Interaction (including Plant-Water Interaction)This area deals with nutrition, drought, flooding, restoration, phytoremediation, bioremediation, applied ecology, and all aspects where plants interact with the soil.The Journal will be of significance to all plant biologists, plant physiologists, ecologists, mycologists, microbiologists, agronomists, landscape architects, environmental engineers, entomologists, students and all researchers interested in biological struggle and sustainable use of natural resources.CALL FOR PAPERSAs Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Plant Interactions, Massimo Maffei welcomes submissions from authors. The Journal prefers to publish only those manuscripts that present fundamental advances of wide interest to the plant-interaction biology community. Preference will be given to manuscripts presenting evidence that answers important questions with a high degree of certainty and clarity. Manuscripts that only describe the effect of plant interactions although important and interesting from a phenomenological point of view generally do not meet the standards insisted on by most reviewers without providing a biological meaning and interpretation. Similarly, quality manuscripts that describe a new methodology, but which do not also provide substantial new insight into the biology of plant interactions may not meet reviewers' expectations or the journal's scope. Furthermore, manuscripts that are not accompanied by a sound statistical analysis of data to support results will not be taken into consideration.All submissions will be independently refereed by editorial board members and by external referees chosen on an international basis. All published research articles in this journal have undergone rigorous peer review, based on initial editor screening and anonymous refereeing by independent expert referees.Disclaimer for Scientific, Technical and Social Science PublicationsTaylor & Francis make every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content") contained in its publications. However, Taylor & Francis and its agents and licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any purpose of the Content and disclaim all such representations and warranties whether express or implied to the maximum extent permitted by law. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and are not the views of Taylor & Francis.
Description The journal has an applied focus: it actively promotes the importance of geographical research in real world settings It is policy-relevant: it seeks both a readership and contributions from practitioners as well as academics The substantive foundation is spatial analysis: the use of quantitative techniques to identify patterns and processes within geographic environments The combination of these points, which are fully reflected in the naming of the journal, establishes a unique position in the marketplace. Rationale A geographical perspective has always been crucial to the understanding of the social and physical organisation of the world around us. The techniques of spatial analysis provide a powerful means for the assembly and interpretation of evidence, and thus to address critical questions about issues such as crime and deprivation, immigration and demographic restructuring, retailing activity and employment change, resource management and environmental improvement. Many of these issues are equally important to academic research as they are to policy makers and Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy aims to close the gap between these two perspectives by providing a forum for discussion of applied research in a range of different contexts Topical and interdisciplinary Increasingly government organisations, administrative agencies and private businesses are requiring research to support their ‘evidence-based’ strategies or policies. Geographical location is critical in much of this work which extends across a wide range of disciplines including demography, actuarial sciences, statistics, public sector planning, business planning, economics, epidemiology, sociology, social policy, health research, environmental management., Focus Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy will draw on applied research from diverse problem domains, such as transport, policing, education, health, environment and leisure, in different international contexts. The journal will therefore provide insights into the variations in phenomena that exist across space, it will provide evidence for comparative policy analysis between domains and between locations, and stimulate ideas about the translation of spatial analysis methods and techniques across varied policy contexts. It is essential to know how to measure, monitor and understand spatial distributions, many of which have implications for those with responsibility to plan and enhance the society and the environment in which we all exist. Readership and Editorial Board As a journal focused on applications of methods of spatial analysis, Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy will be of interest to scholars and students in a wide range of academic fields, to practitioners in government and administrative agencies and to consultants in private sector organisations. The Editorial Board reflects the international and multidisciplinary nature of the journal.
Biomass and Bioenergy is an international journal publishing original research papers and short communications, review articles and case studies on biological resources, chemical and biological processes, and biomass products for new renewable sources of energy and materials.The scope of the journal extends to the environmental, management and economic aspects of biomass and bioenergy.Key areas covered by the journal:• Biomass: sources, energy crop production processes, genetic improvements, composition. Please note that research on these biomass subjects must be linked directly to bioenergy generation.• Biological Residues: residues/rests from agricultural production, forestry and plantations (palm, sugar etc), processing industries, and municipal sources (MSW). Papers on the use of biomass residues through innovative processes/technological novelty and/or consideration of feedstock/system sustainability (or unsustainability) are welcomed. However waste treatment processes and pollution control or mitigation which are only tangentially related to bioenergy are not in the scope of the journal, as they are more suited to publications in the environmental arena. Papers that describe conventional waste streams (ie well described in existing literature) that do not empirically address 'new' added value from the process are not suitable for submission to the journal.• Bioenergy Processes: fermentations, thermochemical conversions, liquid and gaseous fuels, and petrochemical substitutes• Bioenergy Utilization: direct combustion, gasification, electricity production, chemical processes, and by-product remediation• Biomass and the Environment: carbon cycle, the net energy efficiency of bioenergy systems, assessment of sustainability, and biodiversity issues.The journal does not accept for review papers on the following subjects:• Performance of fuel combustion in engines• Technical aspects of first generation biofuels• Soil science papers with no direct linking to bioenergy generation• Isolation of yeast/bacterial strains• Purely analytical biochemistry derived studies that have no direct linking to bioenergy generationBenefits to authorsWe also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on Elsevier publications and much more. Please click here for more information on our author services.Please see our Guide for Authors for information on article submission. If you require any further information or help, please visit our support pages: http://support.elsevier.com
Editors' NoteWe are pleased to announce our new title for 2009: Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences. We hope that by emphasising 'integrative' we will strengthen our now well-established aims and scope, by further highlighting that the journal goes beyond looking at environmental issues from a pure science perspective. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences is interdisciplinary, relevant and comprehensive.Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences (JIES) aims to provide a stimulating, informative and critical forum for intellectual debate on significant environmental issues. It brings together perspectives from a wide range of disciplines and methodologies in both the social and natural sciences in the effort to develop integrative knowledge about the processes responsible for environmental change. The Journal is especially concerned with the relationships between science, society and policy and a key aim is to advance understanding of the theory and practice of sustainable development.The subject matter, authorship and readership are international in scope and cover issues from across a range of scales, from the global to the local. Key themes include: interdisciplinary assessment methodologies; governance and regulation; technology and innovation; science, society and policy; knowledge, perceptions and discourse. The journal publishes work on a wide range of issues, including: energy climate change pollution, waste urban sustainability biodiversity conservation environment and development environmental management systems Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences is keen to publish original material including theoretical developments, new empirical data, innovative methods and policy analysis. The Journal publishes original research articles, review articles, essays, research notes and book reviews. The journal also publishes occasional Special Issues covering interdisciplinary research and policy perspectives on specific environmental issues. Published papers are accessible to a wide audience consisting of natural and social scientists, professionals and policy makers.All published papers in this journal have undergone rigorous peer review, based on initial editor screening and anonymous refereeing by independent expert referees.---Disclaimer for Scientific, Technical and Social Science PublicationsTaylor & Francis make every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the 8220;Content8221;) contained in its publications. However, Taylor & Francis and its agents and licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any purpose of the Content and disclaim all such representations and warranties whether express or implied to the maximum extent permitted by law. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and are not the views of Taylor & Francis.
Physiologia Plantarumis an international journal committed to publishing the best full-length original research papers that advance our understanding of the primary physiological. molecular and genetic mechanisms governing plant development. growth and productivity; including plant interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment. The journal also publishes Minireviews and Technical Focus papers. with the aim of providing a forum for the exchange of information on recent breakthroughs and technical advances. Aims and Scope AIMS AND SCOPE Physiologia Plantarumis an international journal committed to publishing the best full-length original research papers that advance our understanding of the primary physiological. molecular and genetic mechanisms governing plant development. growth and productivity; including plant interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment. The journal also welcomes submission of shorter breakthrough manuscripts containing novel. exciting but solidly underpinned research that merits rapid publication. The journal publishes papers on all aspects of all organizational levels of experimental plant biology ranging from molecular and cell biology. biochemistry and biophysics to ecophysiology and global change biology. Physiologia Plantarumalso publishes Minireviews and Technical Focus papers. with the aim of providing a forum for the exchange of information on recent breakthroughs and technical advances. REGULAR MANUSCRIPTS Regular manuscripts should present original hypothesis-driven research in one of the five subject areas covered by the journal (Biochemistry and Metabolism; Ecophysiology. Stress and Adaptation; Uptake. Transport and Assimilation; Development. Growth and Differentiation; Photobiology and Photosynthesis). The experiments described should address questions pertinent to the research topic and the outcomes should advance our understanding of the processes being studied. not simply repeat known results in a different species. MINIREVIEWS(Download guidelines in PDF format) Minireviews. which are subject to peer review. should cover the background of a topical research problem. emphasizing the state of the art and serving as a focal point for further research. They must be written concisely. with no more than 50 references and a maximum of 6 printed pages (one printed page of full text is equivalent to around 5600 characters. including spaces). Minireviews will be considered in all areas of experimental plant science and it is recommended that the Editor-in-Chief be contacted in advance to confirm the suitability of the chosen topic. TECHNICAL FOCUS The Technical Focus section is a forum for critical evaluations and syntheses of key technological approaches in plant physiology. including evaluations of limitations or pitfalls of techniques. The Editors invite contributions on topics of interest from recognized experts but also invite proposals from authors for Technical Focus manuscripts. The format is flexible to accommodate varying content.